The 'To be' verb in ancient Greek, Latin, Spanish, and English
updated 9/29/2022
Ancient Greek
Latin
Spanish (ser)
Spanish (estar)
English
Infinitive
εἶναι
esse
ser
estar
to be
Present Indicative
εἰμί
εἶ
ἐστί(ν)
ἐσμέν
ἐστέ
εἰσί(ν)
sum
es
est
sumus
estis
sunt
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
I am
you are
he/she/it is
we are
you all are
they are
Imperfect Indicative
ἦ or ἦν
ἦσθα
ἦν
ἦμεν
ἦτε
ἦσαν
eram
erās
erat
erāmus
erātis
erant
era
eras
era
éramos
erais
eran
estaba
estabas
estaba
estábamos
estabais
estaban
I was
you were
he/she/it was
we were
you all were
they were
Future Indicative
ἔσομαι
ἔσῃ
ἔσται
ἐσόμεθα
ἔσεσθε
ἔσονται
erō
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
seré
serás
será
seremos
seréis
serán
estaré
estarás
estará
estaremos
estaréis
estarán
I will be
you will be
he/she/it will be
we will be
you all will be
they will be
Perfect Indicative
-
-
-
-
-
-
fuī
fuistī
fuit
fuimus
fuistis
fuērunt
fui
fuiste
fue
fuimos
fuisteis
fueron
estuve
estuviste
estuvo
estuvimos
estuvisteis
estuvieron
I have been
you have been
he/she/it has been
we have been
you all have been
they have been
Present Subjunctive
ὦ
ᾖς
ᾖ
ὦμεν
ἦτε
ὦσι
sim
sīs
sit
sīmus
sītis
sint
sea
seas
sea
seamos
seáis
sean
esté
estés
esté
estemos
estéis
estén
-
-
-
-
-
-
Note: This is a Latin-driven chart, meaning that the order presented is the standard order for Latin verbs. There are some Greek and Spanish forms not included such as the Greek Opative mood and dual number. Also note that Spanish has two 'to be' verbs, 'ser' and 'estar'. 'Ser' is for permament states whereas 'estar' is for temporary states.